Work in the 21st Century: An
Introduction to Industrial and
Organizational Psychology
(4th Edition)
by Frank J. Landy &
Jeffrey M. Conte
1
Work in the 21st Century
Chapter 1
What is
Industrial and Organizational
Psychology?
2
Module 1.1:
Fundamentals of I-O Psychology
• Importance of I-O psychology
– Importance of work in people’s lives
• What is I-O psychology?
– The application of psychological principles,
theory, and research to the work setting.
3
Fundamentals of
I-O Psychology (cont’d)
– SIOP (Division 14 of APA)
– Fields of I-O Psychology
• Personnel psychology
• Organizational psychology
• Human engineering
4
Relatively New Topics of
Interest to I-O Psychology
• Building sustainable and environmentally conscious organizations
– I-O psychologists can guide organizations in measuring their eco-benefits
and in promoting these benefits along with individual, team, and
organizational performance.
• Humanitarian work psychology (HWP): the application of I-O
psychology to humanitarian arena, especially poverty reduction
and promotion of decent work, aligned with local stakeholders’
needs, and in partnership with global aid/development groups.
– Led by New Zealand I-O psychologist Stuart Carr, initial work in this field
shows that I-O psychologists can make a difference in some of the major
global problems of the 21st century.
5
SIOP as a Resource
• www.siop.org
–
–
–
–
–
History of I-O psychology
Membership information (including students)
Quarterly newsletter: TIP
JobNet
SIOP Journal – I-O Psychology: Perspectives on
Science and Practice
– Graduate training programs in I-O psychology
– List of SIOP publications
6
Common Areas of
Concentration for I-O Psychologists
Table 1.1
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Common Job Titles for
I-O Psychologists
Table 1.2
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Evidence-Based
I-O Psychology
• I-O psychologists have become increasingly focused
on making evidence-based decisions in their work in
organizations
• This includes using a decision-making process that
combines critical thinking with use of best available
scientific evidence.
• I-O psychologists are well positioned to develop and
utilize evidence-based practices as they have adopted
the scientist-practitioner model to guide the field.
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How This Course Can Help You
• Knowledge about 21st
century workplace
– Course will address issues
such as work stress, workfamily balance, workplace
discrimination, &
leadership
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Module 1.2: The past, present,
and future of I-O Psychology
• The Past – Important Dates/Events in I-O
Psychology
• The Present – Demographics and Career Paths
• Future Challenges to I-O Psychology
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Titles of Research Articles
in JAP (1917)
Table 1.3
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Titles of Research Articles
in JAP (2008)
Table 1.4
13
Brief History of I-O Psychology
• 1876-1930
– Hugo Munsterburg, James McKeen Cattell, Walter Dill
Scott, & Walter Van Dyke Bingham
– World War 1: Army Alpha & Army Beta Tests
– 1917 – First Ph.D. in Industrial Psychology awarded to
Lillian Gilbreth
• Research in time & motion study → Human Engineering
14
Brief History of I-O Psychology
(cont'd)
• 1930-1964
– Hawthorne Studies, Human Relations
– Human relations movement
• Theories of motivation
• Emotional world of the worker
• Studies of job satisfaction
– WWII
– Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Title VII
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Civil Rights Act of 1964 &
Title VII
Title VII specified demographic groups to be
protected from employment discrimination
• Groups named in 1964
– Race
– Color
– Gender
– National origin
– Religion
• 2 additional protected
groups added later
– ADEA (age) 1967
– ADA (disability) 1990
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Important Dates in the
Evolution of I-O Psychology
Figure 1.1
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Demographics of I-O Psychologists
• In 2000, I-O psychologists represented
about 6% of all APA members
• In 2000, 30% of I-O psychologists in APA
were women
• Average salaries:
– Ph.D. in I-O psychology: $90,000
– Masters in I-O psychology: $67,000
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Figure 1.2: Where I-O
Psychologists are Employed
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Preparing for a Career
in I-O Psychology
• Education & training
• Getting into a graduate program
– Consideration of GPA & GRE score(s)
– Relevant coursework (e.g., statistics)
• More emphasis on coursework than major
20
Challenges to I-O in 21st Century
• I-O psychology needs to be:
– Relevant
– Useful
– Grounded in scientific method
21
Changes in the Workplace
Since 1980
• Personal computing
• Telecommuting &
virtual teams
• Videoconferencing
• Providing a service vs.
manufacturing
“goods”
• Nature of work more
fluid
• Teams vs. the
individual
• Little stability
• Family-friendly
workplaces
• Greater diversity
• Global workplace
Milton Montenegro/Getty Images
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Module 1.3: Multicultural & CrossCultural Issues in I-O Psychology
• Multiculturalism
– Culture defined
• System in which
individuals share
meaning & common
ways of viewing
events & objects
• Sharing of meanings
& interpretations
Royalty-Free/CORBIS
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Cultural Determinants in the
Workplace (Triandis)
Figure 1.3
The Dynamic of Top-Down-Bottom-Up Processes
across levels of culture
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Multicultural Nature of Work in
the 21st Century
• Why should multiculturalism be important
to you?
• Why is multiculturalism important for I-O
psychology?
– Issues surrounding the global economy,
expatriates, & the “West vs. the Rest” mentality
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Theory of Cultural Influence
(Hofstede)
Table 1.5 The Five Dimensions of Hofstede’s Theory of Culture
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Figure 1.4: Cultural Differences
among Countries (Hofstede, 1993)
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Thoughts on Theories of Cultural Influence
• Triandis’ variation on Hofstede’s dimension
of individualism/collectivism
– Horizontal cultures – those that minimize
distances between individuals
– Vertical cultures – accept & depend on
distances between individuals
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Implications of Cultural
Dimensions for HRM
Table 1.6 The
implications of Cultural
Dimensions for HRM
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Cultural Determinants in the
Workplace (Triandis)
Figure 1.5
Triandis’s View of
Cultural Determinants
in the Workplace
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Module 1.4:
Themes & Course Structure
• Themes:
A) Unified Science
B) Holistic Approach
• Parts of the book:
1) Introduction
2) Industrial Psychology
3) Organizational Psychology
4) Work Environment
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Module 1.4 (cont’d)
• Resources
– Paper (I-O Journals/Books)
– Electronic: I-O websites (e.g., www.siop.org)
• Case study
– Provides example of complexity of work
behavior
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Table 1.7:
Scientific Journals in I-O Psychology
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Table 1.8: Practical Texts
in I-O Psychology
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