Chapter 17: Leadership
Creating Effective Organizations
Fatal Flaws: Reasons for
Derailment of Top Management
Rank the following in order of importance. Choose 1 for the reason you feel is most important, 2
for next most important, etc.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
Betrayal of Trust—failure to meet commitments
Cold, aloof, arrogant
Overdependence on one’s boss or mentor
Insensitive to others: abrasive, intimidating
Overmanaging: unable to delegate or build a team
Unable to think broadly or strategically—too much attention to detail and minor
technical problems
Unable to adapt to a boss with a different style
Unable to select and develop an effective staff
Overly ambitious—plays politics, pushes too hard to get ahead
Failure to handle specific performance problems—failure to handle problems
then not admit the problem, try to cover up or shift blame
Source: “What Makes a Top Executive” by McCall and Lombardo, Psychology Today, February 1983
Career Progression and Skill Mix
Top Management
Conceptual
and Human
Relations Skills
Skill Mix
for Success
Technical
Skills
Entry Level
Characteristics of
Transactional Leadership





Establishes goals and objectives
Designs work flow and delegates task
assignments
Negotiates exchange of rewards for effort
Rewards performance and recognizes
accomplishments
Searches for deviations from standards and
takes corrective actions
Characteristics of
Transformational Leadership




Charismatic: Provides vision and a sense of
mission, gains respect and trust, instills pride
Individualized consideration: Gives personal attention,
and treats each person individually, coaches
Intellectually stimulating: Promotes learning,
encourages rationality, uses careful problem
solving
Inspirational: Communicates high performance
expectations, uses symbols to focus efforts, distills
essential purposes
Theories of Leadership
1.
2.
3.
4.
Traits
Effectiveness
Power
Effectiveness
Behavior
Effectiveness
Contingency/Situational Theories
Leader
Traits
Behavior
Situations
5.
Role Theories
Effectiveness.
Personality Factors Most Frequently
Associated with Effective Leadership
Capacity
Achievement
Responsibility
Participation Status
Intelligence
Scholarship
Honesty
Activity
Socioeconomic
position
Alertness
Knowledge
Dependability
Sociability
Popularity
Verbal facility
Athletic
accomplishment
Initiative
Cooperation
Originality
Personality
adjustment
Persistence
Adaptability
Aggressiveness
Humor
Judgment
Self-confidence
Desire to excel
Managerial Grid
9
(1,9)
(9,9)
Concern for Task
8
7
6
(5,5)
5
4
3
2
(1,1)
1
(9,1)
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
Concern for People
6
7
8
9
Leadership Styles
Likert’s System Four
–
–
–
–
System I—Exploitive Autocratic
System II—Benevolent Autocratic
System III—Consultative
System IV—Participative Group
High
Source: Hersey and Blanchard. Management
of Organizational Behavior: Utilizing Human
Resources, 4th ed., ©1982, p. 152. Adapted
by permission of Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Relationship Behavior
Hersey and
Blanchard’s
Situational
Leadership
Theory Model:
Defining
Maturity and
Four
Leadership
Styles
High
relationship
Low task
High task
High
relationship
S3
S2
S4
S1
Style of
Leader
Low High task
relationship Low
Low task relationship
Low
Mature
High
M4
High
Task Behavior
Moderate
Low
Immature
M3
M2
M1
Maturity of Followers
A great deal Quite a bit
4
3
Ability
Willingness
Some
2
Job maturity
Usually
4
Often
3
Little
1
On occasion Seldom
2
1
Psychological maturity
This person is able
(has the necessary
knowledge and skill)
This person is willing
(has the necessary
confidence and
commitment)
Roles of Effective Leaders
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Systems Thinkers
Organization Designers
Stewards (Share vision and purpose)
Creators of Creative Tension
Teachers
Source: Peter Senge, 1990
Key Findings from Leadership
Theory





Transformational leaders inspire higher
performance than do transactional leaders
Effective leaders must be concerned about
accomplishing the task and relationships
Effective leaders know when to tell, sell,
participate, or delegate
Effective leaders understand mission and strategy,
know how to implement change, motivate
employees to high performance, and teach
effectively
Effective leaders lead by example and are honest