Name ___________________________________________
Chapter 12 Establishing World Trade Routes 1000-1500. Directions: As you read the chapter,
take very detailed notes in the space provided.
Key Concept 2.3 Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange
Key Concept 3.1 Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks
Key Concept 3.2 Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and their Interactions
Vocabulary:
Free market economy:
Supply and demand:
Trade diasporas:
Pochteca:
Sahel:
Lateen:
Yurts:
Khan:
Bubonic plague:
Reading Guide:
World Trade: A Historical Analysis
In early times, what was traded long-distance? What was traded over medium distances?
Why were most goods traded only over short distances?
Trade Networks
Note the map on page 393. Which peoples had the largest trading zone?
During the height of the Roman Empire, which peoples traded most extensively?
Trade in the Americas Before 1500
Trade in the Inca Empire
Where were the two major trade networks in the western hemisphere? Were they connected?
Where did most trade flow in South America? Who controlled this trade?
Trade in Central America and Mexico
How independent were the merchants of Tenochtitlan?
What was the role of pochteca? What was the relationship between state and pochteca?
Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa
Where did most trade happen in Sub-Saharan Africa?
West Africa
What opened the possibility of trans-Saharan trade? When?
Which empires were the largest in West Africa? How did they gain power?
What goods were traded north and south across the Sahara?
From where did most of the gold in the world come?
East Africa
What kingdom dominated trade from the Red Sea to the Arabian Sea?
What group provided the main trade link between East Africa and the Indian Ocean?
What was the role of Great Zimbabwe?
How was the Swahili language developed?
Muslim and Jewish Traders
How did Muslim and Jewish traders play a critical role in trade?
Jewish Traders
What helped facilitate Jewish trade networks?
Muslim Traders
How did Islam spread across trade routes?
In what ways did Islam encourage trade?
How did Muslim traders dominate trade in the Indian Ocean?
Asia’s Complex Trade Patterns
How was Asia linked by overland routes? Sea routes?
The Polynesians of the South Pacific
What was the impact of the Melanesians and Polynesians?
Why did the Polynesians never establish permanent connections to America?
What was the main purpose of Polynesian sailing?
Malay Sailors in the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean
Explain in detail the four major legacies of Malay sailors?
Sailors and Merchants in the Indian Ocean
What were the three geographical sectors in the Indian Ocean?
Which peoples dominated trade in the western sector? In what time periods did they dominate?
How did Arabs become masters of the Indian Ocean trade?
What marked Indian dominance in southeast Asia?
Who surpassed the Hindu traders in the thirteenth century? How did they establish supremacy?
China
Why did internal trade in China outweigh external trade?
International Trade
How early did the Chinese participate in ocean trade?
Describe the accomplishments of Zheng He.
What drew Ming attention inwards in the late 1400s?
To where did the Ming extend the Grand Canal in 1411? What was the purpose of the Grand
Canal?
When did the Ming begin limiting contact with foreigners?
Why did Admiral Zheng He’s expeditions continue?
What were the major downsides to China’s limitation on international trade?
Internal Trade
How did Marco Polo describe China in 1275?
When did China develop woodblock printing? What was its impact?
How did common people become involved in trade?
What was used as a common currency?
Describe the taxing policies of the Chinese.
How did the Chinese originally treat foreign merchants?
The Mongols
Why did Silk Route trade decline after the ninth century?
How were the Mongols organized in Central Asia?
The “Pax Mongolica”
Describe the Pax Mongolica. What was its impact?
What did Ibn Battuta encounter as he traveled with the Mongols?
What was the impact of Marco Polo’s Travels?
Chinggis Khan
How did Chinggis (Ghenghis) Khan Temujin reunite the Mongols?
In what ways was Chinggis brutal?
What types of siege warfare did the Mongols adopt from Chinese engineers?
Where did Chinggis Khan conquer?
Where did Chinggis’ four sons add to their empire?
Who conquered Baghdad in 1258, ending the Abbasid dynasty?
Why did the Mongols stop pushing west and southwest?
The End of the Mongol Empire
How was the huge Mongol empire ruled?
Refer to the map on page 418. What were established as Mongol successor states and where
were they?
How did the Mongols assimilate into their empire?
Which areas reclaimed their territories from the Mongols and when?
Plague and Trade Routes
What was an unexpected side effect of the Pax Mongolica?
What was the effect of the plague on China?
How did the plague spread to Europe? What was its effect?
From Mongol to Ming: Dynastic Transition
What happened to Chinese population after Mongol rule?
Legacies to the Present: What Difference Do They Make?
Review Questions:
1. How did Classical era trade networks compare to Ancient era networks?
2. What forces contributed to the changes between the two eras?
3. What was commonly traded along these trade networks?
4. How did trade and communication networks develop by 600 CE?
5. What technologies enabled long-distance overland and maritime trade?
6. Besides the physical goods, what intangibles also traveled along trade networks?
7. What effects did diseases have on Classical empires?
8. What was the relationship between trade networks and religions?
9. How did societies know and understand each other?
10. How did trade affect the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions?
11. How did trade affect the diffusion of scientific and technological traditions?
12. What role did pastoral and nomadic groups play in these trade networks?
13. What were the linguistic effects of migration?
14. What new forms of governance emerged through Asia?
15. How did states in the Americas develop?