Module 11
Motivation
Crash Course:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
9hdSLiHaJz8
What motivates you?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Parents
Music
Certain teachers
Food
Money
Being comfortable
Being relaxed
Rewards
Success
Accomplishments
Approval
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Good grades
Trophies/Winning
Exercise/+ body image
Celebrities
Religion
Popularity
Satisfaction
Happiness
Relief
Acceptance
Self-improvement
What else?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
USA
Competition
Friends
Being “the best”
Bad grades
Nap time
Society
Future/college/job
Bribes
Threats
Knowledge
Freedom
Phone use
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
World issues
Boys/Girls
Love
Values
Video games
Fun weekends
Bonus cards/extra credit
Prom
Travel
Making others happy
Health
Shopping
September 11, 2001
• Four passenger
planes hijacked by
terrorists.
• Deliberately flew 3 of
aircraft into US
buildings.
• Killed 2,998 people.
• What were their
motives?
Motivation
• From Latin word movere – move
• A need or desire that energizes and
directs behavior toward a goal
– Historical, biological, cognitive,
clinical/humanistic explanations
• Why do we do what we do?
Historic Explanations: Instinct(s)
• A complex, inherited,
• Original psychological
unlearned behavior that
explanation of
is rigidly patterned
motivation.
throughout a species
• Problems:
• William James listed 37
– Difficulty using
instincts to both label
instincts.
– Includes mental ones:
• Jealously, curiosity, and
cleanliness
and explain behaviors
– Theorists came up with
more than 10,000 +
instincts.
Historic Explanations: Drives
• States of tension that result from internal
imbalance.
– Prompt an organism to restore the balance,
typically reducing the drive
• Ex: skipping breakfast
– Come 10:00am you are starving
– Creates a physiological need for food,
leads to hunger, a psychological drive.
Drive-Reduction Theory
• The idea that a physiological need
creates an aroused tension state (a drive)
that motivates an organism to satisfy the
need
• Eating and drinking are examples of
drive-reducing behaviors.
Drive-Reduction Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory:
Get this one!
Module 11: Motivation
Biological Explanations:
Arousal Theories
What is the basic idea in
arousal theories of motivation?
Is homeostasis the same as drive reduction?
Biological Explanations:
Arousal Theories
• Arousal
– Levels of alertness and responsiveness
• Let’s look at 3 friends the night before the SAT:
– A: “You know, I don’t really care about the test. I’m going to a
trade school, and I’m only taking the test b/c my parents want
me to. Can I have some of your fries?”
– B: “I want to do well, but if I screw up on this test, it’s not going
to permanently ruin my life. I’ll give it my best shot. Where’s
the ketchup?”
– C: “It’s all on the line tomorrow. If I don’t get a good score, it
will change my life forever. I’m so nervous, I can’t eat.”
• Which one are you? Who will do better on the test?
Yerkes-Dodson Law
• The theory that a degree of psychological
arousal helps performance, but only up to a
certain point
– Optimum level of arousal depends on the
difficulty of the task.
• Each person has an optimum level of
stimulation they like to maintain.
• Which friend would perform best according to
this law?
– Friend B
Yerkes-Dodson Law
• Basically arousal will
increase performance up
to a point.
– Further arousal
impairs performance.
• Optimal arousal changes
with difficulty of a task.
– Simple task – higher
arousal higher
performance.
– Difficult task – lower
arousal works best
• How does this relate to
stress?
Biological Explanations: Homeostasis
• A tendency to maintain a balanced or
constant internal state
– Ex: Movie “Bio-dome”.
• The regulation of any aspect of body
chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a
particular level
• Any change in levels, up or down, results in
being motivated to bring the level back to
normal.
• What is your homeostasis with body temp?
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation:
Get this one in your notes please!
Module 11: Motivation
Cognitive Explanations:
Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Motivation
Why is intrinsic motivation more
beneficial than extrinsic movtivation?
Extrinsic
Motivation
• A desire to perform a
behavior because of
promised rewards or
threats of punishment
• Examples:
&
Intrinsic
Motivation
• A desire to perform a
behavior for its own sake
and to be effective
– Home, work, school
• Do you participate in class
for bonus cards or b/c you
just want to?
• Do you study b/c you
want an “A” or because
you want to learn the
material?
Which is better?
• Intrinsic motivation often results in higher
achievement.
• Behavior maintained by extrinsic motivation
alone may not be effectively sustained once the
rewards are removed.
– Evidence says removal of an extrinsic motivator may
result in behavior levels even lower than before the
rewards were given.
• Do you have any experiences that support these
statements?
• Is everything about rewards and punishment?
– Do we have free will????
Clinical Explanations:
Hierarchy of Needs
• Abraham Maslow
(1908-1970)
• Humanistic
psychologist who
developed the
hierarchy of needs
Hierarchy of Needs
• Maslow’s pyramid of human needs begins at
the base with physiological needs, and then
proceeds through safety needs to
psychological needs.
– Higher-level needs won’t become active until
lower-level needs have been satisfied.
• Self-Actualization:
– According to Maslow, the need to live up to
one’s fullest and unique potential
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
of Needs
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
of Needs
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
of Needs
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
of Needs
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
of Needs:
Draw the
basics
here!
Clinical Explanations: Achievement
• Henry Murray (1893-1988)
• Neo-Freudian who first
established the concept of
achievement motivation
• Includes a desire for:
– Significant accomplishment
– The mastery of things,
people, or ideas
– Attaining a high standard
Clinical Explanations:
Motivating Ourselves
• Developing Self
Motivation:
– Associate your high
achievement with positive
emotions
– Connect your achievement
with your efforts
– Raise your expectations
Motivating Others
• Cultivate intrinsic
motivation
• Attend to individual
motives
• Set specific, challenging
goals
• Choose an appropriate
leadership style
– Task leadership
– Social leadership
Motivating Others (cont.)
Task
Leadership
• Goal-oriented
leadership that sets
standards, organizes
work, and focuses
attention
and
Social
Leadership
• Group-oriented
leadership that builds
teamwork, mediates
conflict, and offers
support
Theories on Motivation: summary
• Historical:
– Instinct
– Drives and Drive
Reduction Theory
• Cognitive:
– Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Motivation
• Chemical:
• Biological:
– Arousal: YerkesDodson
– Homeostasis
– Maslow’s Hierarchy
– Achievement
– Motivating ourselves
and others
Motivation and Hunger:
FOOOOOOOOODDDDD!
A Closer Look the Physiology of Hunger
Glucose:
• Form of sugar which
circulates through the body
• One feels hunger when the
levels become low.
Insulin
• Hormone which allows the
body to use glucose for
energy or fat production
• Insulin levels up glucose
levels down.
Leptin
• Protein produced by bloated
fat cells
• Send a message to “stop
eating”
Orexin
• Hunger-triggering hormone
• Produced by the
hypothalamus
• As glucose levels drop,
orexin levels increase and
person feels hungry
Hypothalamus: set point theory
• Weight thermostat.
• Maintains a set point.
• Damage to this can lead to
severe weight gain or loss.
• 1.) We have a Basal Metabolic
Rate (resting rate at which we
burn calories for energy).
• 2.) We have a specific number
of fat cells (which can expand
in size and increase in #).
• 3.) We have hormones that
work together to keep our
weight where it is designed to
be.
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
• The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
Set Point
• The point at which an individual’s “weight
thermostat” is supposedly set.
• When the body falls below this weight,
increased hunger and a lower basal metabolic
rate (BMR) may act to restore the lost
weight.
Set Point: Might be a good idea to get this!
Environment and Hunger:
• External Incentives
– Include the sight, sound, and smell of food
• Cultural Influences on Eating
– Cultural views on obesity can vary
– Culture influences the foods we like and
dislike.
Module 11: Motivation
Eating Disorders:
Why do people develop
eating disorders?
Anorexia Nervosa
• An eating disorder in
which normal weight
people suffer delusions
of being overweight
• Usually in adolescent
females
• May put themselves on
self-starvation regimens
• May become
dangerously
underweight
Bulimia Nervosa
• An eating disorder
characterized by
episodes of overeating
• Usually overeat high
calorie foods
• Overeating is followed
by vomiting, using
laxatives, fasting, or
excessive exercise