Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management Urban Water 1 Global water aspects 2 Introduction to urban water management 3 Basics for systems description 4 Water transport 5 Matter transport 6 Introduction to water supply 7 Water extraction 8 Water purification 9 Water distribution 10 Introduction to wastewater disposal 11 Urban drainage 12 Wastewater treatment 13 Sludge treatment Peter Krebs Dresden, 2010 Peter Krebs Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management Urban Water 5 Introduction to water supply 5.1 Goals of water supply 5.2 Overview over water supply system 5.3 Water need Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply © PK, 2010 – page 2 Peter Krebs Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management Urban Water 5 Introduction to water supply 5.1 Goals of water supply 5.2 Overview over water supply system 5.3 Water need Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply © PK, 2010 – page 3 Task of water supply „Sufficient Drinking Water of good Quality at any Time “ sufficient how much, how long during dry periods ? good quality hygiene, to be drunk, for toilet flushing, how long ? any time extreme drought, contaminated water spring Political decision making Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply © PK, 2010 – page 4 Drinking water quality „Drinking water should be appetizing and tempting, colourless, clear, cold, odourless, and perfectly fresh with regard to taste.“ DIN 2000 Implementation via guidelines, threshold values Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply © PK, 2010 – page 5 Limits (i), EU Att./No . Parameter Unit Limit value 1/1 Escherichia coli (100 ml)-1 0 1/2 Enterokokken (100 ml)-1 0 1/3 Coliforme Bacteria (100 ml)-1 0 2/I/1 Acrylamid mg/l 0,0001 2/I/2 Benzole mg/l 0,001 2/I/3 Boron mg/l 1 2/I/4 Bromate mg/l 0,01 *) (01.01.2008) 2/I/5 Chrome mg/l 0,05 2/I/6 Cyanide mg/l 0,05 2/I/7 1,2-Dichlorethane mg/l 0,003 2/I/8 Fluoride mg/l 1,5 2/I/9 Nitrate mg/l 50 2/I/10 Biozids individual mg/l 0,0001 2/I/11 Biozids in total mg/l 0,0005 Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply © PK, 2010 – page 6 Limits (ii), EU Att./No . Parameter Unit Limit value 2/I/12 Mercury mg/l 0,001 2/I/13 Selen mg/l 0,01 2/I/14 Tetra-chlore-ethen und Tri-chlore-ethen mg/l 0,01 2/II/1 Antimon mg/l 0,005 2/II/2 Arsenic mg/l 0,01 2/II/3 Benzo-(a)-pyren mg/l 0,00001 2/II/4 Lead mg/l 0,01 *) (01.12.2013) 2/II/5 Cadmium mg/l 0,005 2/II/6 Epichlorehydrine mg/l 0,0001 2/II/7 Copper mg/l 2 2/II/8 Nickel mg/l 0,02 2/II/9 Nitrite mg/l 0,5 2/II/10 Polycyclic aromatic carbon hydroxids mg/l 0,0001 2/II/11 Trihalogenmethane mg/l 0,05 2/II/12 Vinyl chloride mg/l 0,0005 Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply © PK, 2010 – page 7 Limits (iii), EU Anl./Nr . Parameter Unit Limit value 3/1 Aluminium mg/l 0,2 3/2 Unionised Ammonia mg/l 0,5 3/3 Chloride mg/l 250 3/4 Clostridium perfringens (100 ml)-1 0 3/5 Ferric mg/l 0,2 3/6 Colour (spectral Absorption coefficient Hg 436 nm) m-1 0,5 3/7 Odour limit value 1 2 at 12 °C, 3 at 25 °C 3/8 Taste 1 Acceptable for consumer 3/9 Colony number at 22 °C 1 Without anomal change 3/10 Colony number at 36 °C 1 Without anomal change 3/11 Conductivity S/cm 2500 at 20 °C 3/12 Manganese mg/l 0,05 3/13 Sodium mg/l 200 Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply © PK, 2010 – page 8 Limits (iv), EU Att./No . Parameter 3/14 Total organic carbon (TOC) 3/15 COD mg/l O2 5 3/16 Sulfate mg/l 240 3/17 Turbidity (NTU) 1,0 3/18a Hydrogen pH 6,5 und 9,5 3/18b Calcit solution capacity mg/l CaCO3 At purification station: 5 combined water: 10 3/19 Tritium Bq/l 100 Urban Water Unit Limit value Without anomal change Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply © PK, 2010 – page 9 Peter Krebs Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management Urban Water 5 Introduction to water supply 5.1 Goals of water supply 5.2 Overview over water supply system 5.3 Water need Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply © PK, 2010 – page 10 Structure of a water supply system Tight construction Protection zone Spring intake Purification Pressure Storage Water distribution Industry Lake, dam Settlemen t Water protection Saftey barriers Ground water Urban Water Protection zone Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply © PK, 2010 – page 11 Regional water supply systems in Germany Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply © PK, 2010 – page 12 Regional water supply system in USA Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply © PK, 2010 – page 13 Consumption per year in 106 m³ Consumption and origin of drinking water in Germany 7.000 1.400 6.000 1.200 5.000 1.000 4.000 800 3.000 600 2.000 400 1.000 200 0 0 1991 1995 1998 Ground- and spring water Saxony River bank filtrate Bavaria NRW Surface water (Umweltbundesamt (2001), pp. 52ff.) Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply © PK, 2010 – page 14 Peter Krebs Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management Urban Water 5 Introduction to water supply 5.1 Goals of water supply 5.2 Overview over water supply system 5.3 Water need Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply © PK, 2010 – page 15 Effects on water need Variations in consumption Changes in consumption Climate variations (Dry / wet years) Trends in population development Variations in Economy Technical development Comfort and Hygiene Consumption pattern Living standard Law, guidelines … Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply © PK, 2010 – page 16 Parameters to characterise consumption (i) Qd average daily consumption over a year Qh average hours consumption at average day Qd,max maximum daily consumption of a year Qh,max maximum hours consumption at maximums day fd Peak days factor fh Peak hours factor Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply © PK, 2010 – page 17 Parameters to characterise consumption (ii) Parameter Decisive for Maximum daily water need Qd,max = fd ∙ Qd Purification, reservoir Average hourly need at average day Qh = Qd / 24 Maximum hours need at maximum day Qh,max = fh ∙ Qd / 24 Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply Distribution system © PK, 2010 – page 18 Drinking water consumption of private households 28% WC 6% 6% 6% 34% bathing/shower 4% 2%2% 28% 12% washing cloths 6% personal hygiene 6% wash dishes 6% cleaning 4% watering 12% 34% Urban Water Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply 2% cooking/drinking 2% cleaning cars © PK, 2010 – page 19