Prenatal Period to 1 year
Chapter 6
What are the two main factors
that influence growth and
development?
A. Stress and Family
B. Environment and Stress
C. Environment and Heredity
D. Heredity and Gender
Heredity: Zygote formation
• Sperm + ovum
– Zygote
– 23 chromosomes 
Heredity: Zygote formation
• Gender
–X & Y
Chromosomes
• Ovum
– Always X
• Sperm
– X or Y
Dominant & Recessive Genes
Dominant
• Capable of expressing traits
over other genes
Recessive
• Traits only appear if they
exist in pairs
MOM
Karyotyping:
Eye
Color
B
DAD
B = Brown b = blue
•
MOM has brown
eyes but has
recessive blue gene.
•
•
BB
BB
Bb
Dad has brown eyes
with no recessive
gene.
•
•
B
B
BB
All the kids would
have brown eyes
Punnett Square
b
Bb
Bb
MOM
Karyotyping:
Eye
Color
B
DAD
B = Brown b = blue
•
MOM has brown
eyes but has
recessive blue gene.
•
•
BB
Bb
Bb
Dad has brown eyes
with a recessive
blue gene.
•
•
B
b
Bb
¾ kids would have
brown eyes.
Punnett Square
b
Bb
bb
MOM
Karyotyping:
Eye
Color
b
DAD
B = Brown b = blue
• MOM has blue
eyes
•
bb
B
b
Bb
bb
• Dad has brown
eyes with a
recessive blue
gene.
•
Bb
• ¾ kids would have
brown eyes.
Punnett Square
b
Bb
bb
Recessive disorders
• >700 recessive gene
diseases
– Sickle-cell disease
– Tay-Sachs disease
– Hemophilia
Environment
• “From the moment life begins, the
environment begins to exercise its
influence on the newly formed
entity.”
For you personally, when does life
begin?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Conception
Implantation
When there is a heart beat
When the fetus is viable if it was born
When the baby is born
Environment:
Healthy Pregnancy
• Rest
• Exercise
What is the best form of exercise for a
pregnant women?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Bicycling
Walking
Swimming
Jogging
Kick-boxing
Teratogens
• Tobacco
– i birth weight
– Growth restrictions
Teratogens
• Alcohol
– *1st trimester
– Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
(FAS)
– Miscarriages
– Growth restriction
– CNS damage
Teratogens
• Bacteria, viruses
–Rubella
What is the estimated length of
human pregnancy?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
28 weeks
38 weeks
40 weeks
42 weeks
48 weeks
Physical Characteristics
Neonate
• Apgar score
–Activity
–Pulse
–Grimace
–Appearance
–Respiration
What is the highest score a neonate
can get on a Apgar score?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 10
D. 12
E. 15
Head & Skull
• Head ¼ of total body
length
Skull
• 6 bones
• Separated by cartilage
– Sutures
• Fontanels
– Anterior
– Posterior
Which fontanel is smaller?
A. Anterior
B. Posterior
When does the posterior fontanel
“close” by?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
2 months
4 months
6 months
8 months
12 months or more
When does the anterior fontanel
usually “close” by?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
6 months
12 months
18 months
2 years
3 years
What is the normal lengths of a fullterm neonate?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
12 inches
18 inches
20 inches
24 inches
36 inches
How much does a normal infant grow
in the first year?
A. ½ inch a month
B. 1 inch a month
C. 1 ½ inch a month
D. 2 inch a month
E. 2 ½ inch a month
Normal Physiological Weight Loss.
How much weight on average does a
neonate loss in the first few days of
life?
A.
B.
C.
D.
5-10 % of birth weight
15-20% of birth weight
25 – 30% of birth weight
There is no such thing as normal physiological
weight loss in a neonate
Skin
• Acrocyanosis
• Pigmentation
Mongolian Spot
• Usually fads by…
– Age 4 years
• 6 month old
Lanugo
Vernix Cascosa
Milia
Physiological Jaundice
What causes physiological jaundice?
A. High RBC count in newborns
B. Increased RBC destruction after birth
C. High bilirubin levels
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
Genitals
• Breasts
–Swollen
• Scrotum
–Large
Pseudomenstruation
• Blood-tinged vaginal
discharge
What is the cause of most genital
physiological anomalies in newborns?
A.High / elevated maternal
hormone levels
B. High / elevated paternal
hormone levels
C. High / elevated neonate
hormone levels
Cryptorchidism
• Undescended testicle/s
Cryptorchidism
• h risk of
– Testicular CA
– Infertility
Genital
• Circumcision
What STD causes blindness in
newborns?
A.Syphilis
B. HIV
C. Gonorrhea
D.Chlamydia
E. Herpes
Face
• Eye
– Erythromycin
– Silver nitrate
When do baby teeth start to come in?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
2 months
4 months
6 months
8 months
12 months
Deciduous teeth
Which teeth normally erupt first?
A. Two lower central
incisors
B. Two upper central
incisors
C. Two lower lateral
incisors
D. Two upper lateral
incisors
By age 12 months the baby will have 68 teeth
Abdomen
• Umbilical cord
– Falls off
• When?
• 10 days
– What should the baby
not do / have until the
umbilical cord “falls off”
• No tub bath
Why do you have to “burp” the
neonate?
• Cardiac sphincter
– Under-developed
Bowel movement
• Meconium
– Green-black
Bowel movement, Stool or Feces
Formula Fed
• Pasty yellow or tan
• Odor
Breastfed
• Mustard seed color
• Sweet odor
Why is a newborn not given cows milk
(whole milk) to drink?
A. Cows milk does not have the necessary
vitamins and minerals for a newborn human
B. Cows milk is too complex for a newborn to
metabolize
C. Cows milk contains protozoans that are harmful
to infants
D. What are you talking about – it’s OK to give a
newborn cows milk.
Extremities
• Finger / foot prints
Gluteal fold asymmetry
• Is an indication of…
– Congenital hip dysplasia
Neurological Characteristics
Protective reflexes
•
•
•
•
Blinking
Sneezing
Swallowing
Gag
Moro / Startle Reflex
• Sudden movement
Extension & Abduction
of extremities
• http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=PTz-iVI2mf4
Tonic Neck Reflex
• Turn head to one side
 extend arm and leg
on that side
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=XMCw7IKN0xI
Rooting reflex
• Stroke cheek  enfant
turns toward that side
and open mouth
Sucking Reflex
• Sucking movement
when anything touches
their lips
Babinski
• When sole is
stroked 
• hyper-extended of
the toes
Palmar grasp
• Grasp anything placed
in hand
Spinal Bifida
Vision
• Newborn
– Primitive
– Nystagmus
Vision
• An infant's vision isn't
as sharp as an adults
until children are about
3 years
Hearing
• 6 wks
– Recognize mom and turn
to respond
• 1 year
– ID sounds and source
Vital Signs - Newborn
• Temp
– Initially
• low
• Pulse
– 120 – 160 / min
• Resp
– 30 – 60 / min
Gross motor skills
• 2 months
– Control head
• 4 months
– Sit w/ support
• 6 months
– Roll
• 8 months
– Sits alone
• 10 months
– Creep
• 11 months
– Pulls self up
• 12 months
– walks
Fine motor skills
• Neonate
– Grasp reflex
• 5 months
– Purposeful reaching
• 6 months
– Hold bottle
• 7 months
– Hand preference
– Pincer grasp
• 9
– Cup
– Spoon
• 12 months
– Scribble
– Tower – two blocks
Psychosocial Development: What
theorist are we going to discuss?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Freud
Erikson
Paiget
Kohlberg
Maslow
What stage of psychosocial
development is a neonate?
A. Autonomy vs shame & doubt
B. Trust vs mistrust
C. Initiative vs guilt
D. Industry vs inferiority
E. Identity vs role confusion
Parent-child relationship
Attachment
Engrossment
Parent guidance / discipline
• 0-6 months
– Distraction
• 6-12 months
– Direct
Moral Development
• Neonate
–No conscience
–100% ID
Cognitive development: Who’s theory
are we going to be applying?
A. Freud
B. Erikson
C. Paiget
D. Kohlberg
E. Maslow
What stage of cognitive development
is an infant?
A. Preoperational
B. Concrete operational
C. Sensorimotor
D. Formal operational
Communication: What “name” or
word to baby’s say first (usually)
A. MaMa
B. DaDa
Communication
• Birth
– Crying
• 8 months
– Dada
• 2 months
• 10 months
– Smile
– Mama
• 4-6 months
• 12 months
– Babbling
– 4-6 words
Nutrition
Breastfeeding
• Colostrum
– immunoglobulins
Bottle feeding
Sleep & Rest
Neonate
1 year
• 20 hours/day
• 12 hours / day
Play
• Non-symbolic
• Solitary
Safety: Aspiration
Shaken Baby Syndrome
Burns
Drowning
• Bathtub never alone
Falls
Poisoning
MVA
• Read facing car seat
• 12 months