PowerPoint text from Lectures 16-17
Lecture 16- Church and Empire(s): East and West
I)
Structure and Doctrine
II)
The Western Empire
III)
The Eastern Empire
IDs:
Bishops
Christology
Arianism
Gnostics
Council of Nicaea
Donatists and Pelagians
Augustine
Grace
The City of God
Asceticism
St. Basil
St. Jerome
St. Benedict
Huns
Visigoths
Vandals
•
Expansion of Christianity after 300 AD
Rapid growth
100 AD- 10K
200 AD- 200K
300 AD- 4m
400 AD- 30m
Structurebishops:
dioceses
doctrine
- orthodoxy
East: Arianism
•
Church and Empire
Imperial orders vs. paganism, 340-360 AD
-
Ban on pagan sacrifice
-
Closing of temples
-
Removing Altar of Victory
Continuing conflicts:
Emperor Theodosius and St. Ambrose (390 AD)
•
Church Structure and Doctrine
Conspiracy?
Gnostic Gospels
Church Councils
•
Expansion of Christianity after 300 AD
Rapid growth
-4m in 300
-30m by 400
Chiliasts
Structurebishops
dioceses
•
Major Patriarchates
Jerusalem
Antioch
Alexandria
Constantinople
Rome (Petrine Succession)
•
Expansion of Christianity after 300 AD
Growth and faith
Consistency?
Doctrine- orthodoxy
East and West
•
Doctrine and debates- the East
Eastern questions- Christology
Arianism
Arius (c.250-336 A.D.)
Neoplatonism
Emanations
•
The Debate over Arianism
•
Doctrine and debates- the East
Eastern questions- Christology
Arianism
Arius (c.250-336 A.D.)
Neoplatonism
Emanations
Spirit and Matter
Matter as residue (Inferior)
•
Arianism vs. Trinitarianism
•
Nicene Creed, 325
•
Arianism vs. Trinitarianism
•
Doctrine and Debates: The West
Western:
Salvation
(Community vs individual)
“Collaborators”
Donatists
Pelagians
•
St. Augustine (354-430)
Born in North Africa
Gifted convert
Monk
Bishop of Hippo
Debate vs. Donatists/Pelagians
•
Augustine’s Confessions
•
St. Augustine and Rome
Attacks on Rome
City of God
Two cities:
City of Man (Material World)
- mortal
City of God (Spiritual World)
- eternal
•
Early Christian Monasticism
Monk: Greek for “single, solitary”
Reaction against materialism- asceticism
•
Eastern Monasticism
•
Spread of Monasticism
•
Western Monasticism
Less involved with visiting pilgrims
More self-sufficient communities
Influenced by St. Benedict of Nursia (c. 480-547 AD)
- followed “The Latin Rule”
- “brevity, flexibility, and moderation”
•
Spread of Monasticism
•
II) The Western Empire
•
General Historiographical Debate:
The Western Empire (5th-6th Century AD)
The “Fall” of Rome?
Barbarians and the end of western civilization
Beginning of “the Dark Ages”
Transition
Conversion of barbarians
Not all was lost
•
Continuing Problems in Western Empire
Diocletian’s split- 284 AD
Imbalance
Political
Economic
Breakdown
•
West Germanic Revolution
Continued organization:
Germans
Goths
Lecture 17: Barbarians and Byzantines
I)
The Western Empire
II)
The Eastern Empire
IDs:
Gibbon
Huns
Visigoths
Adrianople
Pope Leo I
Vandals
Ataulf
Franks
Clovis the Merovingian
feudalism
Cities and trade
Justinian and Theodora
Justinian’s Code
Slavs
Iconoclasm
The Middle Ages (500-1500 AD)
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1911918992931126718&q=%22The+Holy+Grail%22&total=1504&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search
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“The Dark Ages”
Why?
Who is blamed for this?
General Historiographical Debate:
The Western Empire (5th-6th Century AD)
The “Fall” of Rome?
Edward Gibbon (18th Century)
Barbarians and the end of western civilization
Beginning of “the Dark Ages”
Transition
Conversion of barbarians
Not all was lost
Western Empire:
Pre-Invasion Problems
Diocletian’s split- 284 AD
Eastern domination
Frontiers
Networks
West Germanic Revolution
Continued organization:
Germans
Goths
The Huns
Arrive in Europe c. 370 AD
Feared horsemen
Broke the Gothic confederation
Defeat the Ostrogoths (eastern Goths)
Drove out Visigoths (western Goths)
The Visigoths (“Western Goths”)
Refugees in Eastern Empire
Mistreatment
Adrianople- 378
Theodosius and concessions to Alaric
Westward movement
Rome in 410
The Sack of Rome
The Visigoths (“Western Goths”)
Continued westward movement
Move to Spain
Settle down
The Huns and Rome
Huns –440s AD
Diverted at Troyes
Rome in 451
Break through Roman defenses
Attila and Leo I
The Vandals
Began in 406 AD
Cut through Gaul and Spain
North Africa by 430
Sack Rome in 455 AD
The Vandals and Rome- 455 AD
Barbarian retirement?
Ataulf, Leader of the Visigoths:
“At the start I wanted to erase the Romans’ name and turn their land into a Goth empire, as Augustus
had done. But I learned that the Goths free-wheeling wildness will never accept the rule of law, and
that the state with no law is no state. Thus I have more wisely chosen another path to glory: reviving
the Roman name with Gothic vigor. I pray that future generations will remember me as the founder of a
Roman restoration.”
“Romanization” of the Barbarians
Non-Arian Christianity
(C. of Nicaea)
Roman Law
Romance Languages
Government
Remaining Romans: lords and knights
The Western Empire after 500 AD
The Huns after Attila
German emperors in the West- 476 AD
Frontier transitions
Clovis the Merovingian
(r. 485-511)
German leader of the Franks
Convert and Patron of Christianity
Later re-named “Louis”
The Origins of Feudalism:
5th to 7th Centuries
Breakdown of imperial networks
Cities destroyed by the Vandals
Regional governors
retreat to manors
Local warriors
(“knights”) hired for
Protection
Little help from. Rome
or Constantinople
II) The Eastern Empire
Byzantine Empire
Eastern dominance
- after 400 AD
Cities and trade
Byzantine Cities
Byzantine Empire
Cities and trade
- tax money
- mercenaries
- bribes
“Heirs” of Rome
Justinian and Theodora (ruled 527-565 AD)
Emperor Justinian (ruled 527-565) and Empress Theodora
Theodora’s origins and influence
- determination
- pragmatism
- Monophysites
Reunification of the Roman Empire
Justinian’s 3-Part Goal for Byzantine Empire
“United by
God
Empire, and
Laws”
Justinian’s 3-Part Goal for Byzantine Empire
“United by
God
Mosaic of Justinian (527-564)
Theodora, Wife of Justinian
Theodora, Mary, and Jesus
Justinian’s 3-Part Goal for Byzantine Empire
“United by
God,
Empire
Byzantine Empire
Justinian’s 3-Part Goal for Byzantine Empire
“United by
God
Empire, and
Laws”
Justinian’s Code
The Code
The Novels
The Digest
The Institutes
Byzantine Breakdown (after Justinian)
Italy:
Lombards- c.572 AD
Balkans:
Slavs and Bulgars
Eastern border:
Sassanids
Sassanid Revival
610 AD- Chosroes II
613-Damascus
619- Jerusalem
627- Byzantine reconquest
Long term exhaustion
Icons
Mother of God
St. John of Damascus:
“I do not worship matter. I worship the God of matter, who became matter for my sake, and deigned to
inhabit matter, who worked out my salvation through matter.”
Iconoclasm
Idolatry?
Imperial view
Conflict in 726 AD:
Traditionalists
Vs.
Urban Christians
Suppression of monastaries
Iconoclasm