Chapter Six
The Structure of Matter
 PA Standards
 3.1.12.A Unifying Themes
 3.4.10.A Physical Science,
Chemistry and Physics
 3.4.12.A Physical Science,
Chemistry and Physics
 Apply concepts of models as a
method to predict and
understand science and
technology.
 Explain concepts about the
properties and structure of
matter.
 Explain the formation of
compounds and their resulting
properties using bonding
theories (ionic and covalent).
Objectives:
Compounds and Molecules
 Distinguish between compounds and mixtures.
 Relate the chemical formula of a compound to the
relative numbers of atoms or ions present in the
compound.
 Use models to visualize a compound’s chemical
structure.
 Describe how the chemical structure of a compound
affects its properties.
Chemical Bonds
H2
O2
Chemical Reaction
H 2O
Chemical Structure
Structure and Properties
Structure and Properties
Compound
State
(at 25°C)
Melting Point
(°C)
Boiling
Point (°C)
Silicon dioxide, SO2 (quartz)
Solid
1,700
2,230
Magnesium fluoride, MgF2
Solid
1,261
2,239
Sodium Chloride, NaCl (table
salt)
Solid
801
1,413
Sugar, C12H22,O11
Solid
185-186
-
Liquid
0
100
Gas
-86
-61
Water, H2O
Dihydrogen sulfide, H2S
Structure and Properties
Ionic and Covalent Bonding
 Explain why atoms sometimes join to form bonds.
 Explain why some atoms transfer their valence
electrons to form ionic bonds, while other atoms share
valence electrons to form different bonds.
 Differentiate between ionic, covalent, and metallic
bonds.
 Compare the properties of substances with different
types of bonds.
Objectives:
Compound Names and Formulas
 Name simple ionic and covalent compounds.
 Predict the charge of a transition metal cation in an
ionic compound.
 Write chemical formulas for simple ionic compounds.
 Distinguish a covalent compound’s empirical formula
from its molecular formula.
Objectives:
Organic and Biochemical Compounds
 Describe how carbon atoms bond covalently to form
organic compounds.
 Identify the names and structures of groups of simple
organic compounds and polymers.
 Identify what makes up the polymers that are
essential to life.
Organic Compound
 Organic Compound
 Covalently bounded compound that contains carbon
Hydrocarbons
Alkanes, Alkenes, Alcohols
Polymers
 Polymer
 Molecule that is a long chain made of smaller molecules
 Monomer
 Smaller molecule that makes up the polymer
 Examples
 Plastic
 Wood
 Cotton
 Starch
 Protein
 DNA
Examples
Biochemical Compounds
Biochemical Compounds
Biochemical Compounds