Civ IN- PowerPoint text from Lecture 8
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Lecture 8A: The Early Church
I)
Structure
II)
Doctrine: East and West
III)
Monasticism: East and West
IDs:
Bishops
dioceses
Arianism
Council of Nicaea
Apocrypha
Gnostic Gospels
Gnostics
Donatists/Pelagians
Augustine
Grace
The City of God
St. Antony
St. Jerome
St. Benedict
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Vulgate
“Latin Rule”
Two Major policies of Diocletian (r. 284-305)
Overextended empire
1) Tetrarchy:
East and West sections
Augustus- senior
Caesar- junior
Dominus
2) “Great Persecution”
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Constantine (r. 306-337)
Victory at Milvian Bridge
Edict of Milan (313 AD)
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Constantine’s conversion (?)
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Church and Empire
Imperial orders vs. paganism
Rapid growth in 4th Century- from 4 million to 30 million
Continuing conflicts:
390 ADEmperor Theodosius and St. Ambrose of Milan
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Church Structure and Doctrine
Conspiracy?
Gnostic Gospels
Church Councils
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Expansion of Christianity after 300 AD: Structure
Rapid growth
100 AD- 10K
200 AD- 200K
300 AD- 4m
400 AD- 30m
Chiliasts
Dioceses
Leadership- bishops
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Roman Dioceses 330 AD
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Major Patriarchates
Jerusalem
Antioch
Alexandria
Constantinople
Rome (Petrine Succession)
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II) Doctrine
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Expansion of Christianity after 300 AD: Doctrine
Leadership- hierarchy
(bishops)
Doctrine- orthodoxy
Church councils
East and West
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Doctrine and debates- the East
Eastern questions- Christology
Arianism
Arius (c.250-336 A.D.)
Neoplatonism
Emanations
Matter as residue
- Christ as Inferior to
God the Creator
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The Debate over Arianism
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Arianism vs. Trinitarianism
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Nicene Creed, 325
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Arianism vs. Trinitarianism
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Other debates on doctrine
Eastern:
Gnostics
Western:
Salvation
(Community vs individual)
Donatists
- vs. “collaborators”
Pelagians- purity
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St. Augustine (354-430)
Born in North Africa
Early life
Gifted convert
Monk
Debate vs. Donatists and Pelagians
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Augustine’s Confessions
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St. Augustine and Rome
Attacks on Rome- c. 410)
City of God
Two cities:
City of Man (Material World)
City of God (Spiritual World)
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III) Monasticism
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Christian Monasticism: East and West
Monk: Greek for “single, solitary”
Reaction against materialism- asceticism
4th century (after Constantine)
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Spread of Monasticism
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Eastern Monasticism
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Western Monasticism
Less involved with visiting pilgrims
More self-sufficient communities
Influenced by St. Benedict of Nursia
(c. 480-547 AD)
- followed “The Latin Rule”: “brevity, flexibility, and moderation”
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Spread of Monasticism
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Lecture 8B: Barbarians!
I)
The “Fall” (?) of Rome
II)
Conquest
III)
Resettlement
IDs:
Gibbon
“Dark Ages”
City of God
Huns
Visigoths
Adrianople
Sacking of Rome
Pope Leo I
Vandals
Ataulf
Conversions
Franks
Clovis the Merovingian
feudalism
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The Middle Ages (500-1500 AD)
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1911918992931126718&q=%22The+Holy+Grail%22&total=1504&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search
&plindex=8
“The Dark Ages”
Why?
Who is blamed for this?
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General Historiographical Debate:
The Western Empire (5th-6th Century AD)
The “Fall” of Rome?
Edward Gibbon (18th Century)
Barbarians and the end of western civilization
Beginning of “the Dark Ages”
Transition
Conversion of barbarians
Not all was lost
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Western Empire:
Pre-Invasion Problems
Diocletian’s split- 284 AD
Eastern domination
Frontiers
Networks
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II) Conquest
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West Germanic Revolution
Continued organization:
Germans
Goths
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The Huns
Arrive in Europe c. 370 AD
Feared horsemen
Broke the Gothic confederation
Defeat the Ostrogoths (eastern Goths)
Drove out Visigoths (western Goths)
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The Visigoths (“Western Goths”)
Refugees in Eastern Empire
Mistreatment
Adrianople- 378
Theodosius and concessions
Westward movement
Rome in 410
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The Sack of Rome
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The Visigoths (“Western Goths”)
Continued westward movement
Move to Spain
Settle down
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The Huns and Rome
Huns –440s AD
Diverted at Troyes
Rome in 451
Break through Roman defenses
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Attila and Leo I
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The Vandals
Began in 406 AD
Cut through Gaul and Spain
North Africa by 430
Sack Rome in 455 AD
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The Vandals and Rome- 455 AD
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III) Resettlement
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Barbarian retirement?
Ataulf, Leader of the Visigoths:
“At the start I wanted to erase the Romans’ name and turn their land into a Goth empire, as Augustus
had done. But I learned that the Goths free-wheeling wildness will never accept the rule of law, and
that the state with no law is no state. Thus I have more wisely chosen another path to glory: reviving
the Roman name with Gothic vigor. I pray that future generations will remember me as the founder of a
Roman restoration.”
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“Romanization” of the Barbarians
Non-Arian Christianity
(C. of Nicaea)
Roman Law
Romance Languages
Government
Remaining Romans: lords and knights
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Clovis the Merovingian
(r. 485-511)
German leader of the Franks
Convert and Patron of Christianity
Later re-named “Louis”
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The Origins of Feudalism:
5th to 7th Centuries
Breakdown of imperial networks
Cities destroyed by the Vandals
Regional governors
retreat to manors
Local warriors
(“knights”) hired for
Protection
Little help from. Rome
or Constantinople
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Lecture 9C- The Byzantines
I)
Eastern Supremacy
II)
Expansion
IDs:
Cities and trade
Constantinople
Justinian
Theodora
Monophysites
Imperial church
Justinian’s Code
Slavs
Sassanids
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Byzantine Empire
Eastern dominance
- after 400 AD
Cities and trade
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Byzantine Cities
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Byzantine Empire
Cities and trade
- tax money
- mercenaries
Iconoclasm
- bribes
“Heirs” of Rome
Justinian and Theodora (ruled 527-565 AD)
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II) Expansion
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Emperor Justinian (ruled 527-565) and Empress Theodora
Theodora’s origins and influence
- determination
- pragmatism
- Monophysites
Reunification of the Roman Empire
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Justinian’s 3-Part Goal for Byzantine Empire
“United by
God
Empire, and
Laws”
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Justinian’s 3-Part Goal for Byzantine Empire
“United by
God
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Mosaic of Justinian (527-564)
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Theodora, Wife of Justinian
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Theodora, Mary, and Jesus
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Justinian’s 3-Part Goal for Byzantine Empire
“United by
God,
Empire
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Byzantine Empire
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Justinian’s 3-Part Goal for Byzantine Empire
“United by
God
Empire, and
Laws”
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Justinian’s Code
The Code
The Novels
The Digest
The Institutes
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Byzantine Breakdown (after Justinian)
Italy:
Lombards- c.572 AD
Balkans:
Slavs and Bulgars
Eastern border:
Sassanids
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Sassanid Revival
610 AD- Chosroes II
613-Damascus
619-
- Jerusalem
627- Byzantine reconquest
Long term exhaustion
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Icons
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Mother of God
St. John of Damascus:
“I do not worship matter. I worship the God of matter, who became matter for my sake, and deigned to
inhabit matter, who worked out my salvation through matter.”
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Iconoclasm
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Iconoclasm
Idolatry?
Imperial view
Conflict in 726 AD:
Traditionalists
Vs.
Urban Christians
Suppression of monastaries