1. Surrounded by selectively permeable membrane
– Composed of proteins and lipids
– Selectively Permeable Membranes…
• Allow lipid soluble substances to pass easily
•
Allow small uncharged molecules to pass easily
•
Allow ions to pass only through protein channels
2. Contains Cytosol
3. Contains Organelles with each having specific functions
4. Inclusions
5. Exhibit Contact Inhibition
6. Differentiated
1. Each has specialized function

Cellular Communication
Hormone interactions, Foreign
Invaders Recognition and destruction

Electrochemical Gradient
Facilitates intra/extracellular fluids through the membrane via membrane potential

Selective Permeability
Regulates entry and exits of cellular materials & Fluids
Permeability depends of four (4) factors
1. Lipid Solubility 2. Size 3. Charge 4. Channels & Transporters

Energy Required)
Osmosis Sodium/Potassium Pump
Diffusion Vesicular
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis

Osmosis
Movement of water from an area of high concentration to a low concentration
Diffusion
Movement ions from a high concentration to a low concentration

ATP

• Ejects 3 Na + from inside the cell and takes in 2 K +
– Acts as an enzyme to break down ATP for energy required to transport ions across concentration gradients and through the membrane
+ PO
4
-
Integral
Protein

– Action potential of nerve and muscle cells
– Glucose and Amino Acids into the cell
– Movement of Na + creates a osmotic gradient that drives the cell’s absorption of water

Animation

Pseudopods
Phagocytes – Cells designed to perform phagocytosis against invaders and bacterial spores
Examples: Neutrophils (WBC) and Macrophages (Tissues)

• Nucleus – Largest organelle, contains genetic information
(chromosomes)
• Ribosomes – Protein synthesis, attached to Rough ER
• Rough ER – Storage for new materials to be sent to the Golgi
Complex, responsible for forming glycoproteins.
• Smooth ER – Steroid, fatty acid, and phospholipid synthesis
• Golgi Complex – Processes, packs, and delivers proteins and lipids to plasma membrane
• Lysosomes – Digestive enzymes which form in the Golgi Complex
• Peroxisomes – Enzymes which oxidize and detoxify many chemicals in the body primarily the liver and kidney
• Mitochondria – Synthesis of ATP (Cellular Respiration w/glucose)
• Cytoskeleton – Filamentous proteins which are responsible for cellular movement
– Microfilaments
– Microtubules
– Intermediate filaments
• Flagella & Cilia - Movement
• Centrioles – Important for forming mitotic spindle during cellular division

• Melanin
– Pigment in hair, skin, eyes
– Screens out harmful UV rays, can alter appearance AKA suntan
• Glycogen
– Quick breakdown for required energy
• Triglycerides
– Stored adipocytes, broken down to synthesize ATP

OLD

• Progressive degeneration of the body’s homeostatic adaptive responses
– Temperature, Diet, Oxygen Supply
• Geriatrics – Medical field of Elderly care
• Signs of Aging
– Gray Hair
– Tooth Loss
– Wrinkled Skin (Collagen Denaturation)
– Decrease in muscle mass
– Decrease in osteocyte production
• Osteoperosis
• Osteopenia
– Increased Fat deposits
– Inability to move
• Due to glucose additions to proteins thus losing the elasticity of body

Cancer – Severe failure in the regulation of genes (Mutations) that code for cell division
Mutation Causes
Habits
• Alcohol
• Drugs
• Smoking
• Sexual Irresponsibility
Environment
• Chemicals (Pesticide, Asbestos,
Benzene)
• Second Hand Smoke
• UV rays (Sunlight)
Family History
• Inherited DNA mutation

• Lack Differentiation
– “Immortal” due to repeated division, normal cells do not repair the mutation
– Not Specialized = No purpose to any body part, does use nutrients from the body
• Have Abnormal Nuclei
– - Genes are mutated and contain excessive number of chromosomes
• Form Tumors
– Abnormal mass of cells that invade surrounding tissues and disrupt normal cellular mitosis

• Cells divide uncontrollably and produce an excess of tissue
– Benign Tumors
• NOT cancerous.
• Does not spread to other parts of the body or invade and destroy nearby tissue.
• Benign tumors usually grow slowly.
• Generally, not harmful. However, this is not always the case.
If a benign tumor is big enough, its size and weight can press on nearby blood vessels, nerves, or organs, or otherwise cause problems
– Malignant tumor can be fatal
• Cancer cells compete with normal cells for nutrients, blood, and energy eventually causing normal cells to atrophy
• The spreading of cancer is known as Metastasis which allows cells to spread to other parts of the body Cancer cells usually spread via the bloodstream or the lymph system

Melanoma
Destruction melanocytes
Sarcoma
Muscle or connective tissue cancer
Lymphoma
Destruction of lymph nodes
Carcinoma
Malignant tumor hat arises from epithelial cells
Leukemia
Destruction of
Leukacytes (WBC)

Necrosis – Death of a cell or a group of cells
Neoplasm – Abnormal formation or growth
Atrophy – Decrease in cellular size and corresponding organs or tissues
Common Cancer Terms

Removal and microscopic examination of tissues from the body

• HTLV-1
– Attacks killer T-cells in leukacytes and impairs
Lymphatic system
• HIV
– Directly attacks Helper T cells which are responsible for stimulating B Lymphocytes antibody production
Epstein Barr (EBV)
– Mononucleosis (Kissing Disease) can attack white blood cells and lymphatic system (Hodgkin’s
Disease)
• Hepatitis B (HBV)
– Affects the flow of fluids (bile) through the liver
• Herpes Simplex 2
– Cancer of the cervix