Early Civilizations
• Mayas
• Aztecs
– Tenochtitlan
– Quetzalcoatl
• Incas
North American cultures
•
•
•
•
Climate determines
Matrilineal
Shaman
Communal ownership
Cultural Exchange
• From New World
– Buffalo, iguanas, rattle
snakes
– Tobacco, corn, beans,
tomatoes, potatoes
– syphilis
• From Old World
– Cattle, pigs, goats, horse
– Weeds
– Small pox, malaria, yellow
fever
European Developments
• Political changes
–
–
–
–
–
Portugal
Spain
England
France
Holland
European Developments (cont’d)
• Shipbuilding and
Navigation
–
–
–
–
Caravel
Compass
Astrolabe
Portolano
European Developments (cont’d)
• Religious motive
– Catholics vs.
Protestants
– Reformation
• Wealth
– Northwest Passage
Shift from Medieval to Early
Modern Europe
• Crusades
• Renaissance
• Reformation
–
–
–
–
–
Hus, Wycliffe
Luther
Gutenberg
Calvin
Henry VIII
Exploration
• Vikings
– Eric the Red
– Leif Ericson
– Vinland
Exploration
• Portugal
– Prince Henry
– Dias
– Vasco da Gama
Exploration
•
•
•
•
Columbus
Cabral
Vespucci
Line of Demarcation
– Alexander VI
• Treaty of Tordesillas
1481 Bull Aeterni regis "all
lands south of the Canary
Islands belongs to Portugal."
1493 Bull Inter
caetera "all lands
east of 38° west
longitude belongs to
Portugal and those
west of that belong
to Spain."
1494 Treaty of
Tordesillas "The
pope's line of 1493
is moved to 46°
37'.”
Exploration-Spanish
• Balboa
• Magellan
• Cortes
Pizarro
Coronado
De Soto
Ponce de Leon
Other explorers
• English
–
–
–
–
John Cabot
Sebastian Cabot
Drake
Frobisher
• French
– Verrazano
– Cartier
– Champlain
• Dutch
– Hudson
European Voyages of Discovery in the Atlantic
in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
Spanish, English, and French Settlements in
North America in the Sixteenth Century
Spain’s Colonization
•
•
•
•
•
Conquistadors
Ruled from home
Short time
Encomiendas
Riches (next slide)
Value of New World Treasure Imported into Spain, 1506–1655
Early Colonization
• Hispaniola
• Carolinas to Florida
• St. Augustine 1565
European Colonization
• French
– Huguenots
– Missionaries
– Fur trade
• Dutch
– West India Company
– Ft. Orange
– New Netherlands
English Colonization
• Roanoke Island
– Virginia Dare
– CROATOAN
• Joint Stock
– London Company
– Plymouth Company
• Covenant
• Proprietary
• Royal
Jamestown
•
•
•
•
•
John Smith
Powhatan
John Rolfe
House of Burgesses
Indentured Servants
The
London
Company,
1606
Jamestown
Settlement, 1609
Chesapeake Bay
Jamestown Settlement
Jamestown Housing
Jamestown Chapel, 1611
Jamestown Fort, 1609
Jamestown Settlement
(Computer Generated)
Captain John Smith
English Migration: 1610-1660
Headright System
Jamestown Colonization Pattern:
1620-1660
John Rolfe
Tobacco Plant
Early Colonial Tobacco
1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of
tobacco.
1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of
its colonists in an Indian attack,
Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of
tobacco.
1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds
of tobacco.
1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds
of tobacco.
Tobacco Prices: 1618-1710
Indentured
Servitude
Chief Powhatan
Pocahontas
Powhatan Confederacy
Powhatan
Indian Village
Indian Foods
Native American Population
in North America
Why was 1619 a
pivotal year for
the Chesapeake
settlement?
Virginia
House of Burgesses
17c Population
in the Chesapeake
100000
80000
60000
White
40000
Black
20000
0
1607
1630
1650
1670
1690
Population of Chesapeake
Colonies: 1610-1750
Virginia Colony
• William Berkeley
• Bacon’s Rebellion
Governor Berkeley’s
“Fault Line”
Colonization of Maryland
Maryland
• George Calvert
– 1st Lord Baltimore
• Cecilius Calvert
– 2nd Lord Baltimore
• Act of Toleration
Plymouth
The Mayflower
Compact
November 11, 1620
The Mayflower
• Miles Standish
• William Bradford
• 1625-1691
Pilgrims?
vs.
Puritans?
Massachusetts Bay Colony
• Puritans
• Harvard
• John Winthrop
We shall be as a
city on a hill..
•Great Migration
–John Cotton
–Thomas Hooker
Sources of Puritan
Migration
Rhode Island
• Roger Williams
– Separation of church
and state
• Anne Hutchinson
Connecticut
• Hooker
• Fundamental Orders
• New Haven
Others from Massachusetts
• New Hampshire
• Maine
Colonizing New England
Land Division in
Sudbury, MA: 1639-1656
NE Governments and Trade
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
More democratic
Bicameral
Town meetings
Triangular trade
Small farms
Fishing
shipping
Puritans fall
•
•
•
•
•
•
Charles I
Oliver Cromwell
Charles II
Half-way Covenant
Secular
Salem
Attempts at Unification
The Pequot Wars:
1636-1637
A Pequot Village
Destroyed, 1637
• New England
Confederation
• Religious minorities
Restoration to Glorious Revolution
• New Haven
• Maine
• Edmund Andros
King Philip’s War
• Wampanoags
• Narragansett
Campaign
• Philip betrayed
Dominion of New England
•
•
•
•
•
•
New Hampshire
Andros
Increase Mather
Cotton Mather
Glorious Revolution
William and Mary
Population of the New England
Colonies
Population Comparisons:
New England v. the Chesapeake
New England Colonies, 1650
New Netherlands
• Dutch West India
Company
• Peter Minuit
• New Sweden
• New Amsterdam
• Peter Stuyvesant
• Patroonships
In 1625 he went to the Netherlands.
Appointed a director of the Dutch West
India Co., he set out for the company's
settlement in America. He reached
Manhattan Island in 1626 and
purchased it from the Indians with
trinkets valued at the amount of 60
guilders, or about $24. Because of
differences with the company, he was
recalled in 1631. In 1637 he set out to
form a Swedish colony in America and
in 1638 built Fort Christina (now
Wilmington, Del.).
New York
Manors &
Land Grants
Patroonships
Settling the Middle
[or “Restoration”] Colonies
New Netherlands &
New Sweden
New York Harbor, 1639
New York
•
•
•
•
Charles II
James
Anglo-Dutch Wars
Leisler’s Rebellion
New Jersey
• John Lord Berkeley
• George Carteret
• East and West Jersey
Royal Land Grant to
The “Holy
Pennsylvania Experiment” Penn
• William Penn
• Quakers
– Equality, simplicity,
peace
Penn & Native Americans
Penn’s Treaty with the
Native Americans
Delaware
Carolinas
• 8 proprietors
• Fundamental
constitutions
• Culpepper rebellion
• North and South
Berkeley
Georgia
• James Oglethorpe
• Buffer
• Debtors
Urban Population Growth
1650 - 1775
Ethnic Groups
Struggle for Empire
•
•
•
•
Mercantilism
Objectives
Enclosure Movement
Adam Smith, Wealth
of Nations
Early Attempts at Mercantilism
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Navigation Acts
Act of Fraud
Enumerated goods
Wool Act
Hat Act
Molasses Act
Iron Acts
Salutary Neglect
Enforcement of Navigation Laws
•
•
•
•
•
•
Privy Council
Lords of Trade
Sec. of State
Board of Trade
Treasury Board
Vice-Admiralty Courts
English Government beliefs
• Divine Right
• Virtual
Representation
• Limited Suffrage
• Unwritten Constitution
• Anglican Church
• Basic English Rights
Magna
Carta
Colonial Government
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Royal Governor
Council
Assembly
Power of the Purse
Actual representation
Frontier vs. Coast
Division between
colonies
Colonial Changes-Religion
• Tax supported
• England’s Act of
Toleration
• MA, NH, CN had
established churches
still at Revolution
NH
MA
CN
Anglo-French Relations
•
•
•
•
•
Fishing
Fur trade
Acadia
Mississippi
Hudson Bay
Anglo-French Wars
• King William’s War
• Queen Anne’s War
– War of Jenkin’s Ear
• King George’s War
• Seven Years War
(French and Indian
War)
French and Indian War
• Fort Duquesne
– Washington
– Fort Necessity
•
•
•
•
Albany Congress
William Pitt
Quebec
Treaty of Paris