PIA 3090
Comparative Public
Administration
Week 3
Historical Models,
“Contemporary Models” and
Socio-Economic Change
Presentations
 “Golden Oldies”
 Literary Maps
Overview
 The Public Sector and the Economy
 Debates Over Development Management
 The European Model, North Atlantic Unity
and Japan
 Comparative Public Administration Issues
Ideology as Social Science
The Public Sector and the Economy
Reminder:
Karl Marx- The Other GermanSource of ideas about the developmental
state. Marx as a Social Scientist not an
Ideologue. The contemporary of Max
Weber
Karl Marx: Another Five Minutes
a.. Original Marxian views- State as the instrument
of the ruling classes
b. The dialectic and Historical Materialism
c. Model: (John Armstrong- The Conservative
Marxist)
-Thesis
-Antithesis
-Synthesis
Dialectic
Thesis
Antithesis
Synthesis
Class Conflict: Four Epochs
Slavery
Feudalism
Capitalism
Socialism
e. Functionaries as the petty bourgeoisie
f. Communism- state and the bureaucracy
whither away
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)
(April 22 1870 – January 21, 1924)
Command Economy- Revised by
Lenin
1. Under socialism, government, the
bureaucracy should manage the
economy
2. The development of an elaborate national
planning system
1. Keynes- Failure of market
Command Economy
4. The debate: Keynesianism and European
Socialism (the Rose)- How much is this
part of Command Economy Framework?
(Guy Peters)
5. Development Administration: Command
Economics in the Third World? (Heady,
Riggs vs. Vincent and Eleanor Ostrom)
Debate over the Economy
1. The International Contemporary State:
Continental Europe vs. the U.S. or the U.K.
2. Adam Smith, "the hidden hand" and
Classical Economics- An Anglo-Saxon
View
3. Eastern Europe and Former Soviet
Union: Command Economy (whole or part)
Adam Smith
June 5, 1723 – July 17, 1790
Continental Europe
 Counter-influence of St. Simonism- an
interventionist view (See John
Armstrong).
 “the era of abundance could be attained
certainly and quickly. The guaranteed
means were applications of science and
technology to unrestricted mastery of
nature.”
Count de Saint-Simon
1760-1825
Count Henri de Saint-simon
Social Democracy
 The Rose
 Socialism and the Rise of Labor in Europe
 The Second International
American Activism vs. European
Socialism (U.S. Social Democratic
Party)
“We’re All Keynesians Now”
Friday, Dec. 31, 1965
Unification of the North Atlantic- 1930s1970s- The Primacy of Keynesianism
1. Monetary Policy
2. Fiscal Policy
3. Wage and Price controls
The Functions of Government under
Keynesian Control
1. Traditional- police and law and order
2. National Defense
3. Social Services- Education and Health
and Welfare
4. Resource Mobilization
The Functions of Government under
Keynesian Control- Continued
5. Economic Growth generation
6. LDCs and Modernization Theory: Agraria
vs. Industria (Turner and Holm)
7.The challenge of Public Choice,
rationalism and the University of Chicago
School: Neo-Orthodoxy- less influence
outside of the Anglo-Saxon world
Agraria vs. Industria
Development
Agraria
Attitudes: parochial – fixed rules
Customs: particularistic / inherited
Status: ascriptive
Functionally: diffuse
Holistic Change
Lack of Specialized Roles
Industria
Universalistic
Legal / Rational
Achievement Oriented
Roles Functionally Specific
High Degree of Technology
Manufacturing and Production
Oriented
Result
Agricultural, rural, poor
Oral / illiterate
Authoritarian instability
Subsistence – non-monetary
Revolution and violence
Occupation fixed
Result
Commercial
Democratic / Peaceful
Occupational mobility
Literate
Urban, Rich
Incrementalism, Stability and Gradual
Change
Breaktime
Ten Minute Break
Chalmers Johnson
Author of the Week
(Japan and Economic Development)
Prologue: Two quotes:
 "There are several ways in which the government
has influenced the structure of Japan's special
institutions."[1]
 "What is lawful and therefore is unlawful,
depends on the culture and the country in
question."[2]
[1] Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 1982), p. 14.
[2] Robert Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption (Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1988), p. 3.
Japan and Ministry of International
Trade and Industry (MITI)
 Asian Model
 Corporatist- Inter-meshing of state and Private
Sector
 Management (not Political) Focus
 Growth and Export
 Model for Asian Tigers
Ministry of International Trade and
Industry
Block 10, Government Offices Complex,
Jalan Duta,
50622 KL, Malaysia
Tel no: 603-6203 3022
Fax no: 603-6201 2337
Email:webmiti@miti.gov.my
Fred Warren Riggs, 90, University of Hawai‘i at
Mānoa, professor emeritus of political science,
passed away on February 9, 2008
Riggs Life
Professor Riggs was born in Kuling, China
on July 3, 1917, the son of agricultural
missionary parents Charles H. and Grace
(Frederick) Riggs. He attended Nanking
University, 1934-35.
Comparative Public Administration
Issues
a. The politics-administration dichotomy
b. Environmental and cultural factors are important.
Ecology as an issue
c. Bureaucracy as a Negative? Keep government out of
people's lives
ISSUES
d. Comparative as a method- structuralfunctionalist
e. Systemic influence on the individualrole definition, socialization and
development of organizations vs.
institutions
Comparative Methods
Development Administration: C.A.G.- Focus on
comparative and development administration. Bad
reputation
 Foundations and CAG- chalets in Italy to discuss
administrative and political development
 US AID and Universities- 3 out of every 4 dollars never left
the U.S. Now .93 never leaves.
 Post-Vietnam and Iran
CAG Contined
 NIPAs, staff colleges and IDMs spring up all over Africa and
Asia
 After 1975/80- Foundations pulled the plug
 CAG End of Ford grant, 1974
 Post-Vietnam syndrome: Withdrawals, Ayatollas, now nine-
one-one
 End of Development as a consensus
Northern Tier goal
THEORY: Civil Society vs. State
DEBATES
John D. Montgomery vs. Milton
Esman
End of Macro-Approach
1.The Macro Approach: No Longer In Vogue (except with
Ferrel Heady)
a. Systems building from Almond to Riggs
b. Almond's functions and Easton's black boxes
c. Theme- Look at common functions- focus on
INSIDE processes of executive government
End of Macro-Approach
2. Things often done by different
structures and processes
Key:- Who makes rules
- who carries out,
implements
3. Critics: Lack of systems level
theory
The Situation in 1983:Modified "traditional
Approach"- A Micro and Meso level approach
a. Most like an "orthodoxy" of public administration
b. Comparative Study of:
1. Parts of the System- budgeting,
personnel, inter-governmental relations,
policy process
2. Or whole systems- Britain vs. France,
U.S. vs. Russia, Botswana vs. Tanzania- Not
Comparative
Middle Range Theory:
a. Problem- largely non-theory
b. Focus on specific relationships: eg.
bureaucracy and political and moral
variables within a country
c. Mostly case studies- Egypt, Botswana,
the U.S. All the same method. "The Case
Study"
Robert King Merton
July 4, 1910 - February 23, 2003
The Situation in 1989
c. Often turns out to be very specific: i.e. focused
institutions
1. Ombudsman
2. Auditor General
3. Territorial Governor as rep. of national
authority- the Prefectoral system
d. The Problem: Comparative studies of institutions
are very expensive-run out of money/go back to
case studies
From 1989-2001
 End of Cold War
 Application of Structural Adjustment to Socialist
Countries
 September 11
 Democracy and Governance
SICA- The Current Generation:
Public-Private Partnerships
Jennifer Brinkerhoff: George Washington
University
2001-Present
Micro-Issues:
Debate about “Whole of Government
1.
Public-Private Partnerships
2.
Contracting Out
3.
Three D’s: Diplomacy, Defense and
Development
Mock Question
According to Johnson, "There are several
ways in which the government has
influenced the structure of Japan's special
institutions."[1] Assess the Asian Model
from a Comparative Public Management
Perspective. What Socio-Economic
Systems does Chalmers Johnson
identify? How do they relate to the state?
How has government grown according to
Peters?
[1] Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford:
Stanford University Press, 1982), p. 14.